New York (The World Through a Pearl)

STILL BEING WORKED ON. New York is the most populous city in the United States of America[11] and the center of the New York Metropolitan Area, one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world.[12] [13] [14] The city is referred to as New York City orThe City of New York[15] to distinguish it from the State of New York, of which it is a part.[16] A global power city,[17] New York exerts a significant impact upon commerce, finance, media, art, fashion, research, technology, education, and entertainment. The home of the United Nations Headquarters,[18] New York is an important center forinternational diplomacy[19] and has been described as the cultural capital of the world.[20]

Located on one of the world's largest natural harbors,[21] New York City consists of five boroughs, each of which comprises a state county.[22] The five boroughs—The Bronx, Brooklyn, Manhattan, Queens, and Staten Island—were consolidated into a single city in 1898.[23] [24] With a Census-estimated 2011 population of 8,244,910<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-24" style="line-height:1em;">[25] distributed over a land area of just 305 square miles (790 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-area.3B_25-0" style="line-height:1em;">[26] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_Land_Estimate_26-0" style="line-height:1em;">[27] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Land_Estimate_27-0" style="line-height:1em;">[28] New York is the most densely populatedmajor city in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-density_28-0" style="line-height:1em;">[29] As many as 800 languages are spoken in New York, making it the most linguistically diverse city in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-29" style="line-height:1em;">[30] The New York City Metropolitan Area's population is the United States' largest, with 18.9 million people distributed over 6,720 square miles (17,400 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-metro_30-0" style="line-height:1em;">[31] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-31" style="line-height:1em;">[32] and is also part of the most populous combined statistical area in the United States, containing 22.1 million people as of the 2010 Census.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-32" style="line-height:1em;">[33]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York traces its roots to its 1624 founding as a trading post by colonists of the Dutch Republic, and was namedNew Amsterdam in 1626.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-33" style="line-height:1em;">[34] The city and its surroundings came under English control in 1664<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-34" style="line-height:1em;">[35] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-35" style="line-height:1em;">[36] and were renamed New York after King Charles II of England granted the lands to his brother, the Duke of York.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-36" style="line-height:1em;">[37] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-37" style="line-height:1em;">[38] New York served as the capital of the United States from 1785 until 1790.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-senate_38-0" style="line-height:1em;">[39] It has been the country's largest city since 1790.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-39" style="line-height:1em;">[40] The Statue of Liberty greeted millions of immigrants as they came to America by ship in the late 19th and early 20th centuries<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-40" style="line-height:1em;">[41] and is a globally recognized symbol of the United States and its democracy.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-41" style="line-height:1em;">[42]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Many districts and landmarks in New York City have become well known to its approximately 50 million annual visitors.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-42" style="line-height:1em;">[43] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-43" style="line-height:1em;">[44] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-44" style="line-height:1em;">[45] Times Square, iconified as "The Crossroads of the World",<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-45" style="line-height:1em;">[46] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-46" style="line-height:1em;">[47] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-47" style="line-height:1em;">[48] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-48" style="line-height:1em;">[49] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-49" style="line-height:1em;">[50] is the brightly illuminated hub of the Broadway theater district,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-50" style="line-height:1em;">[51] one of the world's busiest pedestrian intersections,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Joshua_Pramis_51-0" style="line-height:1em;">[52] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-52" style="line-height:1em;">[53] and a major center of the world's entertainment industry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-53" style="line-height:1em;">[54] The city hosts many world renowned bridges, skyscrapers,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-54" style="line-height:1em;">[55] and parks. New York City's financial district, anchored by Wall Street in Lower Manhattan, functions as the financial capital of the world<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-55" style="line-height:1em;">[56] and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, the world's largest stock exchange by totalmarket capitalization of its listed companies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-56" style="line-height:1em;">[57] Manhattan's real estate market is among the most expensive in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-57" style="line-height:1em;">[58] Manhattan's Chinatown incorporates the highest concentration of Chinese people in the Western Hemisphere.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-58" style="line-height:1em;">[59] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-59" style="line-height:1em;">[60] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-60" style="line-height:1em;">[61] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-61" style="line-height:1em;">[62] Providing continuous 24/7 service,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-twentyfour_62-0" style="line-height:1em;">[63] the New York City Subway is one of the most extensive rapid transit systems in the world. Numerous colleges and universities are located in New York,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-63" style="line-height:1em;">[64] including Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University, which are ranked among the top 50 in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-64" style="line-height:1em;">[65] {| class="toc" id="toc" style="font-size:12px;border-color:rgb(170,170,170);color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;line-height:19.200000762939453px;"

Contents
[hide] *1 History
 * 1.1 Early History
 * 1.2 Modern History
 * 2 Geography
 * 2.1 Climate
 * 3 Demographics
 * 4 Cityscape
 * 4.1 Architecture
 * 4.2 Parks
 * 4.2.1 National Park System
 * 4.2.2 New York State Parks
 * 4.2.3 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
 * 4.3 Boroughs
 * 5 Culture and contemporary life
 * 5.1 Entertainment and performing arts
 * 5.2 Tourism
 * 5.3 Media
 * 5.4 Cuisine
 * 5.5 Accent
 * 5.6 Sports
 * 6 Economy
 * 6.1 Wall Street
 * 7 Law and government
 * 7.1 City planning
 * 7.2 Crime
 * 8 Education
 * 9 Transportation
 * 10 Military
 * 11 Sister cities
 * 12 See also
 * 13 References
 * 14 Further reading
 * 15 External links
 * }

History
Main article: History of New York City===Early History=== <p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In the precolonial era the area of present-day New York City was inhabited by various bands of Algonquian tribes ofNative Americans, including the Lenape, whose homeland, known as Lenapehoking, included Staten Island, the western portion of Long Island including the area that would become Brooklyn and Queens, Manhattan and the lower Hudson Valley including The Bronx.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-65" style="line-height:1em;">[66]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into Upper New York Harbor, where he spent one night aboard ship and sailed out the next day. He claimed the area for France and named it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-rodgers_66-0" style="line-height:1em;">[67] In January a year later, Esteban Gomez, a Portuguese sailing for Emperor Charles V of Spain, entered New York Harbor and charted the mouth of the Hudson river which he named Rio de San Antonio. Heavy ice kept him from further exploration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-67" style="line-height:1em;">[68]

The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolution, took place in Brooklyn in 1776.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1609 English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen (Half Moon) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it may be a passage. When the river narrowed and was no longer salty he realized it wasn't a sea passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614 the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by theNetherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The year 1614 saw the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement on the southern tip of Manhattan which would be called "Nieuw Amsterdam" (New Amsterdam) in 1625. Dutch colonial Director-General Peter Minuit purchased the island of Manhattan from the Canarsie, a small band of the Lenape,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-68" style="line-height:1em;">[69] in 1626 for a value of 60 guilders<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-69" style="line-height:1em;">[70] (about $1000 in 2006);<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-70" style="line-height:1em;">[71] a disproved legend says that Manhattan was purchased for $24 worth of glass beads.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-71" style="line-height:1em;">[72] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-72" style="line-height:1em;">[73]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1664 Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city "New York" after the English Duke of York and Albany.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-73" style="line-height:1em;">[74] At the end of the Second Anglo-Dutch War, the Dutch gained control of Run (then a much more valuable asset) in exchange for the English controlling New Amsterdam (New York) in North America. Several intertribal wars among the Native Americans and some epidemics brought on by contact with the Europeans caused sizable population losses for the Lenape between the years 1660 and 1670.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-74" style="line-height:1em;">[75] By 1700, the Lenape population had diminished to 200.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-75" style="line-height:1em;">[76]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1702, the city lost 10% of its population to yellow fever.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-76" style="line-height:1em;">[77] New York suffered seven major yellow fever epidemics from 1702 to 1800.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-77" style="line-height:1em;">[78]

New Amsterdam in 1664, the year England took control and renamed it "New York"<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York grew in importance as a trading port while under British rule. It became a center of slavery, with 42% of households holding slaves by 1730, more than any other city other than Charleston, South Carolina. Most slaveholders held a few or several domestic slaves, but others hired them out to work at labor. Slavery became integrally tied to New York's economy through the labor of slaves throughout the port, and the banks and shipping tied to the South. Discovery of the African Burying Ground in the 1990s during construction of a new federal courthouse near Foley Square revealed than tens of thousands of Africans had been buried in the area in the colonial years.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city hosted the influential John Peter Zenger trial in 1735, helping to establish the freedom of the press in North America. In 1754, Columbia University was founded under charter by George II of Great Britain as King's College in Lower Manhattan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-78" style="line-height:1em;">[79] The Stamp Act Congress met in New York in October 1765 as the Sons of Liberty organized in the city, skirmishing over the next ten years with British troops stationed there.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Battle of Long Island, the largest battle of the American Revolutionary War, was fought in August 1776 entirely within the modern day borough of Brooklyn. After the battle, in which the Americans were routed, leaving subsequent smaller engagements following in its wake, the city became the British military and political base of operations in North America. The city was a haven for Loyalist refugees, as well as escaped slaves who joined the British lines for the freedom promised by the Crown. As many as 10,000 escaped slaves crowded into the city during the British occupation. When the British forces evacuated in 1783, they transported 3,000 freedmen for resettlement in Nova Scotia. They resettled other freedmen in England and the Caribbean.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The only attempt at a peaceful solution to the war took place at the Conference House on Staten Island between American delegates including Benjamin Franklin, and British general Lord Howe on September 11, 1776. Shortly after the British occupation began the Great Fire of New York occurred, a large conflagration which destroyed about a quarter of the buildings in the city, including Trinity Church.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-79" style="line-height:1em;">[80]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1785 the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under theArticles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789 the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-80" style="line-height:1em;">[81] By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.

Broadway circa 1840<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 19th century, the city was transformed by development related to the western and cotton trades, as well as Europeanimmigration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-81" style="line-height:1em;">[82] The city adopted the Commissioners' Plan of 1811, which expanded the city street grid to encompass all of Manhattan. The 1819 opening of the Erie Canal through central New York connected the Atlantic port to the agricultural markets and commodities of the North American interior via the Hudson River and the Great Lakes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-82" style="line-height:1em;">[83] Local politics became dominated by Tammany Hall, a political machine supported by Irish and German immigrants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-83" style="line-height:1em;">[84]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city also became a center of the cotton trade: by 1822 cotton shipments comprised nearly half of its exports,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Divided_84-0" style="line-height:1em;">[85] with most going to Great Britain and European markets. Upstate mills manufactured textiles from the cotton, so much of the state's economy was connected to the cotton trade.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Divided_84-1" style="line-height:1em;">[85] So many southern businessmen came to New York that they had favorite hotels, and businesses and restaurants catered to them.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Divided_84-2" style="line-height:1em;">[85]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Several prominent American literary figures lived in New York during the 1830s and 1840s, including William Cullen Bryant,Washington Irving, Herman Melville, Rufus Wilmot Griswold, John Keese, Nathaniel Parker Willis, and Edgar Allan Poe. Public-minded members of the old merchant aristocracy lobbied for the establishment of Central Park, which in 1857 became the first landscaped park in an American city.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the state's "gradual abolition law of 1799", children of slave mothers were born free, but were held in indentured servitude until their late 20s. Together with slaves freed by their masters after the Revolutionary War and escaped slaves, gradually a significant free-black population developed in Manhattan. The New York Manumission Society worked for abolition and established the African Free School to educate black children.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Divided_84-3" style="line-height:1em;">[85] It was not until 1827 that slavery was completely abolished in the state, and free blacks struggled afterward with discrimination. New York interracial abolitionist activism continued; among its leaders were graduates of the African Free School. The city's black population reached more than 16,000 in 1840.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-85" style="line-height:1em;">[86]

Modern History
<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Great Irish Famine brought a large influx of Irish immigrants, and by 1860, one in four New Yorkers—over 200,000—had been born in Ireland.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-86" style="line-height:1em;">[87] There was also extensive immigration from the German provinces, where revolutions had disrupted societies, and Germans comprised another 25% of New York's population by 1860.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_87-0" style="line-height:1em;">[88]

Bird's eye view print of Manhattan & New York City, 1873. The Brooklyn Bridge was under construction from 1870 until 1883.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Democratic Party candidates were consistently elected to local office, increasing the city's ties to the South and its dominant party. In 1861 Mayor Fernando Wood called on the aldermen to declare independence from Albany and the United States after the South seceded, but his proposal was not acted on.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Divided_84-4" style="line-height:1em;">[85] Anger at new military conscription laws during the American Civil War (1861–1865) led to the Draft Riots of 1863, led by ethnic Irish working class.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Divided_84-5" style="line-height:1em;">[85]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">It deteriorated into vicious attacks on blacks and their property, following fierce competition for a decade between immigrants and blacks for work. Rioters burned the Colored Orphan Asylum to the ground, but its more than 200 children escaped harm.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_87-1" style="line-height:1em;">[88] Rioters killed an estimated 100 blacks and attacked many more, especially in the docks area. It was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-88" style="line-height:1em;">[89] Because of the violence, many blacks left the city for Williamsburg, Brooklyn and New Jersey; the black population in Manhattan fell below 10,000 by 1865, which it had last been in 1820. The white working class had established dominance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Harris_87-2" style="line-height:1em;">[88]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1898, the modern City of New York was formed with the consolidation of Brooklyn (until then a separate city), the County of New York (which then included parts of the Bronx), the County of Richmond, and the western portion of the County of Queens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-89" style="line-height:1em;">[90] The opening of the subway in 1904, first built as separate private systems, helped bind the new city together. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, the city became a world center for industry, commerce, and communication. In 1904, the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River, killing 1,021 people on board.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 1911, the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, the city's worst industrial disaster, took the lives of 146 garment workers and spurred the growth of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union and major improvements in factory safety standards.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-cornell1_90-0" style="line-height:1em;">[91]

Midtown Manhattan, New York City, fromRockefeller Center, 1932<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York's nonwhite population was 36,620 in 1890.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-91" style="line-height:1em;">[92] In the 1920s, New York City was a prime destination for African Americans during the Great Migration from the American South. By 1916, New York City was home to the largest urban African diaspora in North America. The Harlem Renaissance of literary and cultural life flourished during the era of Prohibition. The larger economic boom generated construction of competing skyscrapers that changed the skyline into its identifiable twentieth-century shape.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York became the most populous urbanized area in the world in early 1920s, overtaking London. The metropolitan area surpassed the 10 million mark in early 1930s, becoming the first megacity in human history.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-92" style="line-height:1em;">[93] The difficult years of the Great Depression saw the election of reformer Fiorello LaGuardia as mayor and the fall of Tammany Hall after eighty years of political dominance.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-93" style="line-height:1em;">[94] Returning World War II veterans created a postwar economic boom and the development of large housing tracts in eastern Queens. New York emerged from the war unscathed as the leading city of the world, with Wall Street leading America's place as the world's dominant economic power. The United Nations Headquarters (completed in 1950) emphasized New York's political influence, and the rise of abstract expressionism in the city precipitated New York's displacement of Paris as the center of the art world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-94" style="line-height:1em;">[95]

United Airlines Flight 175 hits the South Tower of the former World Trade Center on September 11, 2001.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In the 1960s, job losses due to industrial restructuring caused New York City to suffer from economic problems and rising crime rates, which extended into the 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-95" style="line-height:1em;">[96] While a resurgence in the financial industry greatly improved the city's economic health in the 1980s, New York's crime rate continued to increase through the decade and into the beginning of the 1990s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-96" style="line-height:1em;">[97] By the 1990s, crime rates started to drop dramatically due to changed police strategies, improving economy,gentrification, and new residents, both American transplants and new immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Important new sectors, such as Silicon Alley, emerged in the city's economy. New York's population reached all-time highs in the 2000 Census and then again in the 2010 Census.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city suffered the worst nationally of the September 11, 2001 attacks, when nearly 3,000 people died in the destruction of the twin towers of the World Trade Center.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-97" style="line-height:1em;">[98] A new complex, which includes One World Trade Center, a 9/11 memorial and museum, and three other office towers, is being built on the site. The first buildings are finished and it is scheduled for completion by 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nypost-ap1_98-0" style="line-height:1em;">[99] The World Trade Center PATH station, which was opened on July 19, 1909 as the Hudson Terminal, was also destroyed in the attack. A temporary station was built and opened on November 23, 2003. A permanent station, the World Trade Center Transportation Hub, is currently being constructed and is scheduled to be completed in the second quarter of 2014.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-99" style="line-height:1em;">[100] ==Geography== Main articles: Geography of New York City and Geography of New York HarborSatellite imagery demonstrating the core of the New York City Metropolitan Area.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City is located in the Northeastern United States, in southeastern New York State, approximately halfway betweenWashington, D.C. and Boston.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-100" style="line-height:1em;">[101] The location at the mouth of the Hudson River, which feeds into a naturally sheltered harbor and then into the Atlantic Ocean, has helped the city grow in significance as a trading city. Much of New York is built on the three islands of Manhattan, Staten Island, and Long Island, making land scarce and encouraging a high population density.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Hudson River flows through the Hudson Valley into New York Bay. Between New York City and Troy, New York, the river is anestuary.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-101" style="line-height:1em;">[102] The Hudson separates the city from New Jersey. The East River—a tidal strait—flows from Long Island Sound and separates the Bronx and Manhattan from Long Island. The Harlem River, another tidal strait between the East and Hudson Rivers, separates most of Manhattan from the Bronx. The Bronx River, which flows through the Bronx and Westchester County, is the only entirely fresh water river in the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytimes_102-0" style="line-height:1em;">[103]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city's land has been altered substantially by human intervention, with considerable land reclamation along the waterfronts since Dutch colonial times. Reclamation is most prominent in Lower Manhattan, with developments such as Battery Park City in the 1970s and 1980s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-gillespie-p71_103-0" style="line-height:1em;">[104] Some of the natural variations in topography have been evened out, especially in Manhattan.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-104" style="line-height:1em;">[105]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city's total area is 468.9 square miles (1,214 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ). 164.1 sq mi (425 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) of this are water and 304.8 sq mi (789 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) is land.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_Land_Estimate_26-1" style="line-height:1em;">[27] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT_Land_Estimate_27-1" style="line-height:1em;">[28] The highest point in the city is Todt Hill on Staten Island, which, at 409.8 feet (124.9 m) above sea level, is the highest point on the Eastern Seaboard south of Maine.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-105" style="line-height:1em;">[106] The summit of the ridge is mostly covered in woodlands as part of the Staten Island Greenbelt.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-106" style="line-height:1em;">[107]

Climate
<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Under the Köppen climate classification, New York City experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-107" style="line-height:1em;">[108] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-108" style="line-height:1em;">[109] Using the 0 °C (32 °F) threshold, it is the northernmost major city on the continent with the humid subtropical categorization. The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 58% of possible sunshine annually,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-ASU_109-0" style="line-height:1em;">[110] accumulating 2,400 to 2,800 hours of sunshine per annum.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-110" style="line-height:1em;">[111]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Winters are cold and damp, and prevailing wind patterns that blow offshore minimize the moderating effects of the Atlantic Ocean; yet the Atlantic and the partial shielding of the Appalachians keep the city warmer in the winter than inland North American cities located at similar or lesser latitudes such as Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, andIndianapolis. The average temperature in January, the area's coldest month, is 32.1 °F (0.1 °C). However, temperatures in winter could for a few days be as low as 10 °F (−12 °C) and as high as 50 °F (10 °C) .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_climate_111-0" style="line-height:1em;">[112] Spring and autumn are unpredictable and can range from chilly to warm, although they are usually mild with low humidity. Summers are typically hot and humid with a July average of 76.5 °F (24.7 °C). Nighttime conditions are often exacerbated by the urban heat island phenomenon, and temperatures exceed 90 °F (32.2 °C) on average of 17 days each summer and can exceed 100 °F (38 °C) .<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weatherbase_112-0" style="line-height:1em;">[113]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city receives 49.7 inches (1,260 mm) of precipitation annually, which is fairly spread throughout the year. Average winter snowfall for 1981 to 2010 has been 26.7 inches (68 cm), but this usually varies considerably from year to year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Weatherbase_112-1" style="line-height:1em;">[113] Hurricanes and tropical storms are rare in the New York area, but are not unheard of and always have the potential to strike the area.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-113" style="line-height:1em;">[114] Extreme temperatures have ranged from −15 °F (−26 °C), recorded on February 9, 1934, up to 106 °F (41 °C) on July 9, 1936.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-114" style="line-height:1em;">[115]

Demographics
Further information: Demographics of New York City, New York City ethnic enclaves, and Demographic profile of New York City <p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York is the most populous city in the United States, with an estimated 8,244,910 residents as of 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_8-2" style="line-height:1em;">[9] As of the 2010 United States Census, the city's population stood at a record high of 8,175,133, a 2.1% increase from the 8 million counted in 2000, significantly greater than the combined totals of Los Angeles and Chicago<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-124" style="line-height:1em;">[125] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-125" style="line-height:1em;">[126] and greater than the San Francisco Bay Area's metropolitan total.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-126" style="line-height:1em;">[127]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg immediately challenged the Census Bureau's 2010 data as representing an undercount upon release.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sam_Roberts_127-0" style="line-height:1em;">[128] This amounts to about 40% of the state of New York's population and a similar percentage of the metropolitan regional population. In 2006, demographers estimated that New York's population will reach between 9.2 and 9.5 million by 2030.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-128" style="line-height:1em;">[129] The city's population in 2010 was 44% white (33.3% non-Hispanic white), 25.5% black (23% non-Hispanic black), and 12.7% Asian.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Hispanics of any race represented 28.6% of the population, while Asians constituted the fastest-growing segment of the city's population between 2000 and 2010; the non-Hispanic white population declined 3 percent, the smallest recorded decline in decades; and for the first time since the Civil War, the number of blacks declined over a decade.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Sam_Roberts_127-1" style="line-height:1em;">[128]

Manhattan's Little Italy, Lower East Side, circa 1900<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Two demographic points are New York City's density and ethnic diversity. In 2010, the city had a population density of 27,532 people per square mile (10,630/km²), rendering it the most densely populated of all municipalities with over 100,000 population in the United States; however, several small cities in adjacent Hudson County, New Jersey are actually more dense overall, as per the 2000 Census.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-129" style="line-height:1em;">[130]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Geographically co-extensive with New York County, conversely, the borough of Manhattan's population density of 66,940 people per square mile<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-130" style="line-height:1em;">[131] (25,846/km²) makes it the highest of any county in the United States<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-131" style="line-height:1em;">[132] and higher than the density of any individual American city.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Throughout its history the city has been a major point of entry for immigrants; more than 12 million European immigrants passed through Ellis Island between 1892 and 1924.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-132" style="line-height:1em;">[133] The term "melting pot" was first coined to describe densely populated immigrant neighborhoods on the Lower East Side. By 1900, Germans constituted the largest immigrant group, followed by the Irish, Jews, and Italians.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-133" style="line-height:1em;">[134] In 1940, whites represented 92% of the city's population.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-134" style="line-height:1em;">[135]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Approximately 36% of the city's population is foreign-born.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_immigration_135-0" style="line-height:1em;">[136] In New York, no single country or region of origin dominates. The ten largest sources of foreign-born individuals in the metropolitan area are the Dominican Republic, China, Jamaica, Mexico, India,Ecuador, Italy, Haiti, Colombia, and Guyana.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-136" style="line-height:1em;">[137] The New York region continues to be the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-137" style="line-height:1em;">[138] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-138" style="line-height:1em;">[139] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-139" style="line-height:1em;">[140]

The Manhattan Chinatown<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The New York City metropolitan area is home to the largest Jewish community outsideIsrael.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-140" style="line-height:1em;">[141] It is also home to nearly a quarter of the nation's Indian Americans and 15% of allKorean Americans<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-141" style="line-height:1em;">[142] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-142" style="line-height:1em;">[143] and the largest Asian Indian population in the Western Hemisphere; the largest African American community of any city in the country; and including 6 Chinatowns in the city proper,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-143" style="line-height:1em;">[144] comprised as of 2010 a population of 649,989overseas Chinese,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-144" style="line-height:1em;">[145] the largest outside of Asia.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City alone, according to the 2010 Census, has now become home to more than one million Asian Americans, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-145" style="line-height:1em;">[146] New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-146" style="line-height:1em;">[147] 6.0% of New York City is of Chinese ethnicity, with about forty percent of them living in the borough of Queens alone. Koreans make up 1.2% of the city's population, andJapanese at 0.3%. Filipinos are the largest southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese who make up only 0.2% of New York City's population. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis andPakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-147" style="line-height:1em;">[148]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">There are also substantial Puerto Rican and Dominican populations. Another significant ethnic group is Italians, who emigrated to the city in large numbers in the early twentieth century, mainly from Sicily and other parts of southern Italy. The Irish also have a notable presence; one in 50 New Yorkers of European origin carries a distinctive genetic signature on his Y chromosome inherited from the clan of Niall of the Nine Hostages, an Irish king of the fifth century A.D.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-148" style="line-height:1em;">[149] or from one of the related clans of Uí Briúin and Uí Fiachrach.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-149" style="line-height:1em;">[150]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The metropolitan area is home to a self-identifying gay and bisexual community estimated at 568,903 individuals, the largest in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-150" style="line-height:1em;">[151] Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011 and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-151" style="line-height:1em;">[152]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City has a high degree of income disparity. In 2005 the median household income in the wealthiest census tract was $188,697, while in the poorest it was $9,320.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-152" style="line-height:1em;">[153] The disparity is driven by wage growth in high income brackets, while wages have stagnated for middle and lower income brackets. In early 2011, the average weekly wage in New York County was $2,634, representing the highest total and absolute increase among the largest counties in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-153" style="line-height:1em;">[154] In recent years, New York and Moscow have ranked as the two cities home to the highest number of billionaires.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-154" style="line-height:1em;">[155] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-155" style="line-height:1em;">[156] Manhattan is also experiencing a baby boom that is unique among American cities. Since 2000, the number of children under age 5 living in the borough grew by more than 32%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-156" style="line-height:1em;">[157]

Cityscape
Viewing southward from Rockefeller Center in Midtown Manhattan at dusk. Click thrice on image for two-dimensional panorama.===Architecture===

Further information:

Architecture of New York City and List of tallest buildings in New York CityThe Empire State Building and Chrysler Building, built in Art Deco style.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York has architecturally noteworthy buildings in a wide range of styles and from distinct time periods from the saltbox style Pieter Claesen Wyckoff House in Brooklyn, the oldest section of which dates to 1656, to the modern One World Trade Center, the skyscraper currently under construction at Ground Zero in Lower Manhattan and currently the most expensive new office tower in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-157" style="line-height:1em;">[158]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Manhattan's skyline with its many skyscrapers is universally recognized, and the city has been home to several of the tallest buildings in the world. As of 2011, New York City had 5,937 high-rise buildings, of which 550 completed structures were at least 100 meters high, both second in the world after Hong Kong,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-158" style="line-height:1em;">[159] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-159" style="line-height:1em;">[160] with over 50 completed skyscrapers taller than 656 feet (200 m). These include the Woolworth Building (1913), an early gothic revival skyscraper built with massively scaled gothic detailing.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The 1916 Zoning Resolution required setback in new buildings, and restricted towers to a percentage of the lot size, to allow sunlight to reach the streets below.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-160" style="line-height:1em;">[161] The Art Deco style of the Chrysler Building (1930) and Empire State Building (1931), with their tapered tops and steel spires, reflected the zoning requirements. The buildings have distinctive ornamentation, such as the eagles at the corners of the 61st floor on the Chrysler Building, and are considered some of the finest examples of theArt Deco style.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-161" style="line-height:1em;">[162] A highly influential example of the international style in the United States is the Seagram Building (1957), distinctive for its façade using visible bronze-toned I-beams to evoke the building's structure. The Condé Nast Building (2000) is a prominent example of green design in American skyscrapers.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-greenbuilding_162-0" style="line-height:1em;">[163]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The character of New York's large residential districts is often defined by the elegant brownstone rowhouses, townhouses, and shabby tenements that were built during a period of rapid expansion from 1870 to 1930.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-163" style="line-height:1em;">[164] In contrast, New York City also has neighborhoods that are less densely populated and feature free-standing dwellings. In neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Bronx; Ditmas Park, Brooklyn; andDouglaston, Queens, large single-family homes are common in various architectural styles such as Tudor Revival and Victorian.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-164" style="line-height:1em;">[165] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-165" style="line-height:1em;">[166] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-166" style="line-height:1em;">[167]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-lankevich-p82_167-0" style="line-height:1em;">[168] A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-168" style="line-height:1em;">[169] Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-169" style="line-height:1em;">[170]

Parks
Main article: Parks and recreation in New York CityThe Statue of Liberty National Monument, in New York Harbor, with the former Twin Towers of the World Trade Center andLower Manhattan in the background.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City has over 28,000 acres (110 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) of municipal parkland and 14 miles (23 km) of public beaches.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-170" style="line-height:1em;">[171] Parks in New York City include Central Park, Prospect Park, Flushing Meadows-Corona Park, Forest Park, and Washington Square Park. The largest park in the city is Pelham Bay Park with 2,700 acres.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-171" style="line-height:1em;">[172]

National Park System
<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Gateway National Recreation Area contains over 26,000 acres (10,521.83 ha) in total, most of it surrounded by New York City;<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-172" style="line-height:1em;">[173] the New York State portion includes the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge in Brooklyn and Queens, over 9,000 acres (36 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) of salt marsh, islands and water that includes most of Jamaica Bay. Also in Queens the park includes a significant portion of the western Rockaway Peninsula, most notably Jacob Riis Park and Fort Tilden. Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island with historic pre-Civil War era Battery Weed and Fort Tompkins, and Great Kills Park with beaches, trails and marina also on Staten Island.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The Statue of Liberty National Monument and Ellis Island Immigration Museum are managed by the National Park Service and are located both in the states of New York and New Jersey. They are joined in the harbor by Governors Island National Monument, located in New York. Historic sites under federal management on Manhattan Island include Castle Clinton National Monument; Federal Hall National Memorial; Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site; General Grant National Memorial ("Grant's Tomb"); African Burial Ground National Monument; Hamilton Grange National Memorial; and the Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village is a designated National Historic Landmark as the catalyst of the modern gay rights movement.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-173" style="line-height:1em;">[174]

New York State Parks
<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">There are seven state parks within the confines of New York City, including Clay Pit Ponds State Park, a natural area which includes extensive riding trails, andRiverbank State Park, a 28-acre (110,000 m<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) facility that rises 69 feet (21 m) over the Hudson River.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-174" style="line-height:1em;">[175] The giraffe preserve in the Bronx Zoo, the world's largest metropolitan zoo.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-175" style="line-height:1em;">[176] ====New York City Department of Parks and Recreation==== Central Park is the most visited city park in the United States.===Boroughs=== Further information: Borough (New York City) and Neighborhoods in New York City The Five Boroughs of New York City: 1: Manhattan<span style="color:rgb(221,170,0);">2: Brooklyn <span style="color:rgb(255,127,80);">3: Queens 4: The Bronx 5: Staten Island<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City is composed of five boroughs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-182" style="line-height:1em;">[183] Each borough is coextensive with a respective county of New York State as shown below.
 * Central Park an 883-acre (3.57 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) park in Manhattan, is the most visited city park in the United States, with 25 million visitors each year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-TPL.org-CFCPE_176-0" style="line-height:1em;">[177] The park contains a myriad of attractions; there are several lakes and ponds, two ice-skating rinks, the Central Park Zoo, the Central Park Conservatory Garden, the 106-acre (0.43 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) Jackie Onassis Reservoir. Indoor attractions include Belvedere Castle with its nature center, the Swedish Cottage Marionette Theater, and the historic Carousel.
 * Prospect Park in Brooklyn has a 90-acre (360,000 m<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) meadow, a lake and extensive woodlands. Located within the park is the historic Battle Pass, which figured prominently in the Battle of Long Island.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-177" style="line-height:1em;">[178]
 * Flushing Meadows–Corona Park in Queens, the city's third largest park, was the setting for the 1939 World's Fair and the1964 World's Fair.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-178" style="line-height:1em;">[179]
 * Over a fifth of the Bronx's area, 7,000 acres (28 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ), is given over to open space and parks, including Van Cortlandt Park, Pelham Bay Park, the Bronx Zoo, and the New York Botanical Gardens.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-179" style="line-height:1em;">[180]
 * In Staten Island, the Conference House Park contains the historic Conference House, site of the only attempt of a peaceful resolution to the American Revolution, attended by Benjamin Franklin representing the Americans and Lord Howe representing the British Crown. Located within the park is the historic Burial Ridge, the largest Native American burial ground within New York City.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Throughout the boroughs there are hundreds of distinct neighborhoods, many with a definable history and character to call their own. If the boroughs were each independent cities, four of the boroughs (Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan, and the Bronx) would be among the ten most populous cities in the United States.


 * Manhattan (New York County; 2009 Est. Pop.: 1,629,054)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2009_est_pop_122-1" style="line-height:1em;">[123] is the most densely populated borough and is home to Central Park and most of the city's skyscrapers. The borough is the financial center of the city and contains the headquarters of many major corporations, the UN, a number of important universities, and many cultural attractions. Manhattan is loosely divided into Lower, Midtown, and Uptown regions. Uptown Manhattan is divided by Central Park into the Upper East Side and the Upper West Side, and above the park is Harlem.
 * The Bronx (Bronx County: Pop. 1,397,287)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2009_est_pop_122-2" style="line-height:1em;">[123] is New York City's northernmost borough, the location of Yankee Stadium, home of the New York Yankees, and home to the largest cooperatively owned housing complex in the United States, Co-op City.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-183" style="line-height:1em;">[184] Except for a small section of Manhattan known as Marble Hill, the Bronx is the only section of the city that is part of the United States mainland. It is home to the Bronx Zoo, the largest metropolitan zoo in the United States, which spans 265 acres (1.07 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) and is home to over 6,000 animals.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-184" style="line-height:1em;">[185] The Bronx is the birthplace of rap and hip hop culture.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Toop-RapAttack2_185-0" style="line-height:1em;">[186]
 * Brooklyn (Kings County: Pop. 2,567,098),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2009_est_pop_122-3" style="line-height:1em;">[123] on the western tip of Long Island, is the city's most populous borough and was an independent city until 1898. Brooklyn is known for its cultural, social and ethnic diversity, an independent art scene, distinct neighborhoods and a distinctive architectural heritage. It is also the only borough outside of Manhattan with a distinct downtown neighborhood. The borough features a long beachfront and Coney Island, established in the 1870s as one of the earliest amusement grounds in the country.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-186" style="line-height:1em;">[187]
 * Queens (Queens County: Pop. 2,306,712)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2009_est_pop_122-4" style="line-height:1em;">[123] is geographically the largest borough and the most ethnically diverse county in the United States,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-queensdiverse_187-0" style="line-height:1em;">[188] and may overtake Brooklyn as the city's most populous borough due to its growth. Historically a collection of small towns and villages founded by the Dutch, today the borough is predominantly residential and middle class. Queens County is the only large county in the United States where the median income among African Americans, approximately $52,000 a year, is higher than that of White Americans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-188" style="line-height:1em;">[189] Queens is the site of Citi Field, the home of the New York Mets, and annually hosts the U.S. Open tennis tournament. Additionally, it is home to two of the three major airports serving the New York metropolitan area, LaGuardia Airport and John F. Kennedy International Airport. (The third is Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark, New Jersey.)
 * Staten Island (Richmond County: Pop. 491,730)<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2009_est_pop_122-5" style="line-height:1em;">[123] is the most suburban in character of the five boroughs. Staten Island is connected to Brooklyn by the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge and to Manhattan by way of the freeStaten Island Ferry. The Staten Island Ferry is one of the most popular tourist attractions in New York City as it provides unsurpassed views of the Statue of Liberty, Ellis Island, and lower Manhattan. Located in central Staten Island, the 2,500 acres (10 km<sup style="line-height:1em;">2 ) Greenbelt has some 28 miles (45 km) of walking trails and one of the last undisturbed forests in the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-189" style="line-height:1em;">[190] Designated in 1984 to protect the island's natural lands, the Greenbelt comprises seven city parks.

Culture and contemporary life
Further information: Culture of New York City and List of people from New York CityThe Metropolitan Museum of Art is one of the largest museums in the world.The Stonewall Inn in Greenwich Village, a designated National Historic Landmark as the site of the 1969 Stonewall Rebellion.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-190" style="line-height:1em;">[191] <p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City has been described as the cultural capital of the world by the diplomatic consulates of Iceland<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-191" style="line-height:1em;">[192] andLatvia<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-192" style="line-height:1em;">[193] and by New York's own Baruch College.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-193" style="line-height:1em;">[194] A book containing a series of essays titled New York, culture capital of the world, 1940–1965 has also been published as showcased by the National Library of Australia.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-194" style="line-height:1em;">[195]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Tom Wolfe has quoted regarding New York's culture that: <p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Numerous major American cultural movements began in the city, such as the Harlem Renaissance, which established the African-American literary canon in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-196" style="line-height:1em;">[197] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-197" style="line-height:1em;">[198] The city was a center of jazz<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Jazzzz_198-0" style="line-height:1em;">[199] in the 1940s, abstract expressionism in the 1950s and the birthplace of hip hop in the 1970s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-BPOHPINY_199-0" style="line-height:1em;">[200] The city's punk<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-200" style="line-height:1em;">[201] and hardcore<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-201" style="line-height:1em;">[202] scenes were influential in the 1970s and 1980s, and the city has long had a flourishing scene for Jewish American literature.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city is the birthplace of many cultural movements, including the Harlem Renaissance in literature and visual art; abstract expressionism (also known as the New York School) in painting; and hip hop,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Toop-RapAttack2_185-1" style="line-height:1em;">[186] punk, salsa, disco, freestyle, Tin Pan Alleyand Jazz in music. New York City has been considered the dance capital of the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-202" style="line-height:1em;">[203] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-203" style="line-height:1em;">[204] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-204" style="line-height:1em;">[205] The city is also widely celebrated in popular lore, featured frequently as the setting for books, movies (see New York in film), television programs, etc.

Entertainment and performing arts
See also: Music of New York CityLincoln Center for the Performing Arts<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York is a prominent location in the American entertainment industry, with films, television series, books, and other media being set there. As of 2008, New York City is the second largest center for the film industry in the United States with 63,000 workers who were paid as much as $5 billion in wages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-205" style="line-height:1em;">[206] and by volume, New York is the world leader in independent film production.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-206" style="line-height:1em;">[207] The Association of Independent Commercial producers is also based in New York City.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-207" style="line-height:1em;">[208] The city has more than 2,000 arts and cultural organizations and more than 500 art galleries of all sizes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_arts_208-0" style="line-height:1em;">[209]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city government funds the arts with a larger annual budget than the National Endowment for the Arts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_arts_208-1" style="line-height:1em;">[209] Wealthy industrialists in the 19th century built a network of major cultural institutions, such as the famed Carnegie Hall and Metropolitan Museum of Art, that would become internationally established. The advent of electric lighting led to elaborate theater productions, and in the 1880s New York City theaters on Broadway and along 42nd Street began featuring a new stage form that became known as the Broadway musical. Strongly influenced by the city's immigrants, productions such as those ofHarrigan and Hart, George M. Cohan, and others used song in narratives that often reflected themes of hope and ambition.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city's 39 largest theaters (with more than 500 seats each) are collectively known as "Broadway," after the major thoroughfare that crosses the Times Square theater district.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-209" style="line-height:1em;">[210] This area is sometimes referred to as The Main Stem, The Great White Way or The Rialto. Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts is home to 12 influential arts organizations, including Jazz at Lincoln Center, Metropolitan Opera, New York City Opera, New York Philharmonic. New York City Ballet, the Vivian Beaumont Theater, the Juilliard School and Alice Tully Hall. Central Park SummerStage presents performances of free plays and music in Central Park.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-210" style="line-height:1em;">[211]

Tourism
Further information: Tourism in New York City and List of museums and cultural institutions in New York CityTimes Square has the highest annual attendance rate of any tourist attraction in the US,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-211" style="line-height:1em;">[212] and according to Travel + Leisure magazine's October 2011 survey, the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Joshua_Pramis_51-1" style="line-height:1em;">[52] <p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Tourism is one of New York City's most vital industries, with more than 40 million combined domestic and international tourists visiting each year in the past five years.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_Statistics_212-0" style="line-height:1em;">[213]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Major destinations include the Empire State Building; Statue of Liberty; Ellis Island; Broadway theater productions; museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art; greenspaces such as Central Park and Washington Square Park; Rockefeller Center; Times Square; the Manhattan Chinatown; luxury shopping along Fifth and Madison Avenues; and events such as theHalloween Parade in Greenwich Village; the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade; the St. Patrick's Day parade; seasonal activities such as ice skating in Central Park in the wintertime; the Tribeca Film Festival; and free performances in Central Park at Summerstage. Special experiences outside the key tourist areas of the city include the Bronx Zoo; Coney Island;Flushing Meadows-Corona Park; and the New York Botanical Garden.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 2010, New York City received nearly 49 million tourists,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-213" style="line-height:1em;">[214] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-214" style="line-height:1em;">[215] subsequently surpassed by a record 50 million tourists in 2011.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-215" style="line-height:1em;">[216] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-216" style="line-height:1em;">[217]

Media
Main article: Media in New York CityRockefeller Center, home to NBC Studios<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York is a center for the television, advertising, music, newspaper, and book publishing industries and is also the largest media market in North America (followed by Los Angeles, Chicago, and Toronto).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-217" style="line-height:1em;">[218] Some of the city's media conglomerates include Time Warner, the Thomson Reuters Corporation, the News Corporation, The New York Times Company,NBCUniversal, the Hearst Corporation, and Viacom. Seven of the world's top eight global advertising agency networks have their headquarters in New York.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-218" style="line-height:1em;">[219] Two of the "Big Four" record labels' headquarters, are in New York City—Sony Music Entertainment and Warner Music Group. Universal Music Group and EMI also have major offices in New York. One-third of all American independent films are produced in New York.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_Media_219-0" style="line-height:1em;">[220]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">More than 200 newspapers and 350 consumer magazines have an office in the city<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_Media_219-1" style="line-height:1em;">[220] and the book-publishing industry employs about 25,000 people.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-220" style="line-height:1em;">[221] Two of the three national daily newspapers in the United States are New York papers: The Wall Street Journal and The New York Times, which has won the most Pulitzer Prizes for journalism. Major tabloid newspapers in the city include: The New York Daily News which was founded in 1919 by Joseph Medill Patterson<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-221" style="line-height:1em;">[222] and The New York Post, founded in 1801 by Alexander Hamilton.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-222" style="line-height:1em;">[223] The city also has a comprehensive ethnic press, with 270 newspapers and magazines published in more than 40 languages.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-223" style="line-height:1em;">[224] El Diario La Prensa is New York's largest Spanish-language daily and the oldest in the nation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-224" style="line-height:1em;">[225] The New York Amsterdam News, published in Harlem, is a prominent African American newspaper. The Village Voice is the largest alternative newspaper.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The television industry developed in New York and is a significant employer in the city's economy. The four major American broadcast networks are all headquartered in New York: ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC. Many cable channels are based in the city as well, including MTV, Fox News, HBO, and Comedy Central. In 2005, there were more than 100 television shows taped in New York City.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-225" style="line-height:1em;">[226] The City of New York operates a public broadcast service, NYCTV,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-226" style="line-height:1em;">[227] that has produced several original Emmy Award-winning shows covering music and culture in city neighborhoods and city government.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York is also a major center for non-commercial educational media. The oldest public-access television channel in the United States is the Manhattan Neighborhood Network, founded in 1971.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-227" style="line-height:1em;">[228] WNET is the city's major public television station and a primary source of national Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) television programming. WNYC, a public radio station owned by the city until 1997, has the largest public radio audience in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-228" style="line-height:1em;">[229]

Cuisine
Main article: Cuisine of New York City<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City's food culture includes a variety of world cuisines influenced by the city's immigrant history. Eastern European and Italian immigrants have made the city famous for bagels, cheesecake, and New York-style pizza, while Chinese restaurants are ubiquitous. Some 4,000 mobile food vendors licensed by the city, many immigrant-owned, have made Middle Eastern foods such as falafels and kebabs standbys of modern New York street food, although hot dogs and pretzels are still the main street fare.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-229" style="line-height:1em;">[230] The city is also home to many of the finest and most diverse haute cuisine restaurants in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-230" style="line-height:1em;">[231]

Accent
<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The New York area has a distinctive regional speech pattern called the New York dialect, alternatively known as Brooklynese or New Yorkese. It is generally considered one of the most recognizable accents within American English.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-231" style="line-height:1em;">[232] The classic version of this dialect is centered on middle and working-class people of Europeandescent, and the influx of non-European immigrants in recent decades has led to changes in this distinctive dialect.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT19930214_232-0" style="line-height:1em;">[233]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The traditional New York area accent is non-rhotic, so that the sound [ɹ] does not appear at the end of a syllable or immediately before a consonant; hence the pronunciation of the city name as "New Yawk."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT19930214_232-1" style="line-height:1em;">[233] There is no [ɹ] in words like park [pɑək] or [pɒək] (with vowel backed and diphthongized due to the low-back chain shift), butter [bʌɾə], or here [hiə]. In another feature called the low back chain shift, the [ɔ] vowel sound of words like talk, law, cross, chocolate, and coffee and the often homophonous [ɔr] in core and more are tensed and usually raised more than in General American.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In the most old-fashioned and extreme versions of the New York dialect, the vowel sounds of words like "girl" and of words like "oil" become a diphthong [ɜɪ]. This is often misperceived by speakers of other accents as a reversal of the er and oy sounds, so that girl is pronounced "goil" and oil is pronounced "erl"; this leads to the caricature of New Yorkers saying things like "Joizey" (Jersey), "Toidy-Toid Street" (33rd St.) and "terlet" (toilet).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT19930214_232-2" style="line-height:1em;">[233] The character Archie Bunker from the 1970s sitcomAll in the Family was a good example of a speaker who had this feature. This speech pattern is no longer prevalent.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT19930214_232-3" style="line-height:1em;">[233]

Sports
Main article: Sports in New York CityThe New York Marathon is the largest marathon in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World.27s_Largest_Marathons_233-0" style="line-height:1em;">[234] The US Open Tennis Championships are held every August and September in Flushing Meadows, Queens.Citi Field has been home to the New York Mets since 2009.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City has been described as the "Capital of Baseball."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-234" style="line-height:1em;">[235] There have been 35 Major League Baseball World Seriesand 73 pennants won by New York teams. It is one of only five metro areas (Los Angeles, Chicago, Baltimore–Washington, and the San Francisco Bay Area being the others) to have two baseball teams. Additionally, there have been 14 World Series in which two New York City teams played each other, known as a Subway Series and occurring most recently in 2000. No other metropolitan area has had this happen more than once (Chicago in 1906, St. Louis in 1944, and the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989).

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city's two current Major League Baseball teams are the New York Mets<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-235" style="line-height:1em;">[236] and the New York Yankees,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-236" style="line-height:1em;">[237] who compete in six games of interleague play every regular season that has also come to be called the Subway Series. The Yankees have won a record 27 championships,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-237" style="line-height:1em;">[238] while the Mets have won the World Series twice.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-238" style="line-height:1em;">[239] The city also was once home to the Brooklyn Dodgers (now the Los Angeles Dodgers), who won the World Series once,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-239" style="line-height:1em;">[240] and the New York Giants (now the San Francisco Giants), who won the World Series five times. Both teams moved to California in 1958.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-240" style="line-height:1em;">[241] There are also two minor league baseball teams in the city, the Brooklyn Cyclones<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-241" style="line-height:1em;">[242] and Staten Island Yankees.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-242" style="line-height:1em;">[243]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city is represented in the National Football League by the New York Giants who play at Madison Square Garden ,and the New York Jets who play at the New Shea Stadium in Flushing. The New Jersey Generals play their home games at MetLife Stadium in nearby East Rutherford, New Jersey,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-243" style="line-height:1em;">[244] which hosted Super Bowl XLVIII in 2014 while the Jets and Giants still played there.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-244" style="line-height:1em;">[245]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The New York Rangers represent the city in the National Hockey League.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-245" style="line-height:1em;">[246] Within the metropolitan area are two other NHL franchises, the New Jersey Devils, who play in nearby Newark, New Jersey,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-246" style="line-height:1em;">[247] and the New York Islanders, who play in Brooklyn.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city's Basketball teams include the Brooklyn Nets in the UBA and the New York Knicks in the NBA. , while the city's Women's National Basketball Association team is the New York Liberty. The first national college-level basketball championship, the National Invitation Tournament, was held in New York in 1938 and remains in the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-248" style="line-height:1em;">[249]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In soccer, New York is represented by the Major League Soccer side, New York Red Bulls. The Red Bulls play their home games at Red Bull Arena in nearby Harrison, New Jersey as well as the New York Cosmos who play at the Supervenue, Madison Square Garden.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-249" style="line-height:1em;">[ 250]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Queens is host of the U.S. Open Tennis Championships, one of the four annual Grand Slam tournaments.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-250" style="line-height:1em;">[251] The New York Marathon is one of the world's largest, and the 2004–2006 events hold the top three places in the marathons with the largest number of finishers, including 37,866 finishers in 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-World.27s_Largest_Marathons_233-1" style="line-height:1em;">[234] The Millrose Games is an annual track and field meet whose featured event is the Wanamaker Mile. Boxing is also a prominent part of the city's sporting scene, with events like the Amateur Boxing Golden Gloves being held at Madison Square Garden each year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-251" style="line-height:1em;">[252]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Many sports are associated with New York's immigrant communities. Stickball, a street version of baseball, was popularized by youths in the 1930s. A street in The Bronx has been renamed Stickball Blvd, as tribute to New York's most known street sport.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-252" style="line-height:1em;">[253] ==Economy== Main article: Economy of New York City <p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York is a global hub of international business and commerce and is one of three "command centers" for the world economy (along with London and Tokyo).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-254" style="line-height:1em;">[255] The city is a major center for banking and finance, retailing, world trade, transportation, tourism, real estate, new media as well as traditional media, advertising, legal services, accountancy, insurance, theater, fashion, and the arts in the United States.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The New York metropolitan area had approximately gross metropolitan product of $1.28 trillion in 2010,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-255" style="line-height:1em;">[256] making it the largest regional economy in the United States and, according to IT Week, the second largest city economy in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-London_ranked_as_world.27s_six_largest_economy_256-0" style="line-height:1em;">[257] According to Cinco Dias, New York controlled 40% of the world's finances by the end of 2008, making it the largest financial center in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-London_vs._New_York_257-0" style="line-height:1em;">[258] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-New_York_still_World.27s_Financal_Capital_258-0" style="line-height:1em;">[259] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Is_New_York_still_the_World.27s_Financial_Capital_259-0" style="line-height:1em;">[260]

The New York Stock Exchange onWall Street, the world's largest stock exchange by total market capitalizationof its listed companies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-260" style="line-height:1em;">[261] <p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City has been ranked first among 120 cities across the globe in attractingcapital, business, and tourists.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-261" style="line-height:1em;">[262] In July 2012, the Manchester United Football Club of the United Kingdom announced plans to list its initial public offering of stock shares on the New York Stock Exchange.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-262" style="line-height:1em;">[263]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Many major corporations are headquartered in New York City, including 45 Fortune 500 companies.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-263" style="line-height:1em;">[264] New York is also unique among American cities for its large number of foreign corporations. One out of ten private sector jobs in the city is with a foreign company.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-264" style="line-height:1em;">[265]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Real estate is a major force in the city's economy, as the total value of all New York City property was $802.4 billion in 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_real_estate_265-0" style="line-height:1em;">[266] The Time Warner Center is the property with the highest-listed market value in the city, at $1.1 billion in 2006.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_real_estate_265-1" style="line-height:1em;">[266] New York City is home to some of the nation's—and the world's—most valuable real estate. 450 Park Avenue was sold on July 2, 2007 for $510 million, about $1,589 per square foot ($17,104/m²), breaking the barely month-old record for an American office building of $1,476 per square foot ($15,887/m²) set in the June 2007 sale of 660 Madison Avenue.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-266" style="line-height:1em;">[267]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city's television and film industry is the second largest in the country after Hollywood.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-267" style="line-height:1em;">[268] Creative industries such as new media, advertising, fashion, design and architecture account for a growing share of employment, with New York City possessing a strong competitive advantage in these industries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-268" style="line-height:1em;">[269]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">High-tech industries like biotechnology, software development, game design, and internet services are also growing, bolstered by the city's position at the terminus of several transatlantic fiber optic trunk lines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-269" style="line-height:1em;">[270] Other important sectors include medical research and technology, non-profit institutions, and universities. Manufacturing accounts for a large but declining share of employment. Garments, chemicals, metal products, processed foods, and furniture are some of the principal products.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-270" style="line-height:1em;">[271] The food-processing industry is the most stable major manufacturing sector in the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-food_manufacturing_271-0" style="line-height:1em;">[272] Food making is a $5 billion industry that employs more than 19,000 residents. Chocolate is New York City's leading specialty-food export, with $234 million worth of exports each year.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-food_manufacturing_271-1" style="line-height:1em;">[272]

Wall Street
<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Manhattan had 353.7 million square feet (32,860,000 m²) of office space in 2001.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Four_Percent_of_Manhattan.27s_Total_Office_Space_Was_Destroyed_in_the_World_Trade_Center_Attack_272-0" style="line-height:1em;">[273] Midtown Manhattan is the largest central business district in the United States.Lower Manhattan is the third largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, located on Wall Street, and theNASDAQ, representing the world's first and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured by average daily trading volume and overall market capitalization.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-273" style="line-height:1em;">[274] Financial services account for more than 35% of the city's employment income.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-274" style="line-height:1em;">[275] Wall Street is also home to Zucotti Park, a site which has seen recurrent protests such as the "Occupy Wall Street" protest, which subsequently sparked an international Occupy Movement and the eventual Partition of the United States.

Law and government
Main article: Government of New York CityThe Manhattan Municipal Building is home to many city agencies.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City has been a metropolitan municipality with a mayor-council form of government<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-275" style="line-height:1em;">[276] since its consolidation in 1898. The government of New York is more centralized than that of most other U.S. cities. In New York City, the central government is responsible for public education, correctional institutions, libraries, public safety, recreational facilities, sanitation, water supply and welfare services. The mayor and councillors are elected to four-year terms. The New York City Council is a unicameral body consisting of 51 Council members whose districts are defined by geographic population boundaries.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-276" style="line-height:1em;">[277] The mayor and councilors are limited to three consecutive four-year terms<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-277" style="line-height:1em;">[278] but can run again after a four year break.

New York City Hall is the oldest City Hall in the United States that still houses its original governmental functions.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The present mayor is Michael Bloomberg, a former Democrat, former Republican (2001–2008), and current political independent elected on the Republican and Independence Partytickets against opponents supported by the Democratic and Working Families Parties in 2001 (50.3% of the vote to 47.9%), 2005 (58.4% to 39%) and 2009 (50.6% to 46%).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-278" style="line-height:1em;">[279] Bloomberg is known for taking control of the city's education system from the state, rezoning and economic development, sound fiscal management, and aggressive public health policy.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In his second term, he has made school reform, poverty reduction, and strict gun control central priorities of his administration.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-279" style="line-height:1em;">[280] Together with Boston mayor Thomas Menino, in 2006 he founded the Mayors Against Illegal Guns Coalition, an organization with the goal of "making the public safer by getting illegal guns off the streets."<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-280" style="line-height:1em;">[281] The Democratic Party holds the majority of public offices. As of November 2008, 67% of registered voters in the city are Democrats.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-281" style="line-height:1em;">[282] New York City has not been carried by a Republican in a statewide or presidential election since 1924. Party platforms center on affordable housing, education and economic development, and labor politics are of importance in the city.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Following a financial crisis and state bailout in 1975, the New York Financial Control Board was created to oversee municipal spending. The Mayor of New York City and the Governor of New York both serve on the seven-member board. While direct management of the city's budget ended in 1986, the board continues to monitor the city's financial health.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-282" style="line-height:1em;">[283]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York is the most important source of political fundraising in the United States, as four of the top five ZIP codes in the nation for political contributions are in Manhattan. The top zip code, 10021 on the Upper East Side, generated the most money for the 2004 presidential campaigns of George W. Bush and John Kerry.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-283" style="line-height:1em;">[284] The city has a strong imbalance of payments with the national and state governments. It receives 83 cents in services for every $1 it sends to the federal government intaxes (or annually sends $11.4 billion more than it receives back). The city also sends an additional $11 billion more each year to the state of New York than it receives back.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-284" style="line-height:1em;">[285]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Each borough is coextensive with a judicial district of the New York Supreme Court and hosts other state and city courts. Manhattan also hosts the Supreme Court Appellate Division, First Department, while Brooklyn hosts the Appellate Division, Second Department. Federal courts located near City Hall include the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, and the Court of International Trade. Brooklyn hosts theUnited States District Court for the Eastern District of New York.

City planning
Further information: Environmental issues in New York City and Food and water in New York City<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Mass transit use in New York City is the highest in the United States, and gasoline consumption in the city is the same rate as the national average in the 1920s.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_energy_consumption_285-0" style="line-height:1em;">[286] The city's high level of mass transit use saved 1.8 billion US gallons (6,800,000 m<sup style="line-height:1em;">3 ) of oil in 2006; New York City saves half of all the oil saved by transit nationwide.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-286" style="line-height:1em;">[287] The city's population density, low automobile use and high transit utility make it among the most energy efficient cities in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-287" style="line-height:1em;">[288] Its greenhouse gas emissions are 7.1 metric tons per person compared with the national average of 24.5.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_emissions_288-0" style="line-height:1em;">[289] New Yorkers are collectively responsible for 1% of the nation's greenhouse gasemissions<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_emissions_288-1" style="line-height:1em;">[289] though they comprise 2.7% of the nation's population. The average New Yorker consumes less than half the electricity used by a resident of San Francisco and nearly one-quarter the electricity consumed by a resident of Dallas.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-289" style="line-height:1em;">[290]

As of July 2010 the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis in service, the largest number in any city in North America.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In recent years, the city has focused on reducing its environmental impact. Large amounts of concentrated pollution in New York has led to a high incidence of asthma and other respiratory conditions among the city's residents.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-290" style="line-height:1em;">[291] The city government is required to purchase only the most energy-efficient equipment for use in city offices and public housing.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-291" style="line-height:1em;">[292] New York has the largest clean air diesel-hybrid and compressed natural gas bus fleet in the country,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-292" style="line-height:1em;">[293] and also, by mid 2010 the city had 3,715 hybrid taxis and other clean diesel vehicles, representing around 28% of New York's taxi fleet in service, the most in any city in North America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYT072710_293-0" style="line-height:1em;">[294]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city government was a petitioner in the landmark Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency Supreme Court case forcing the EPA to regulate greenhouse gases as pollutants. The city is also a leader in the construction of energy-efficient green office buildings, including the Hearst Tower among others.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-greenbuilding_162-1" style="line-height:1em;">[163]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city is supplied with drinking water by the protected Catskill Mountains watershed.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-294" style="line-height:1em;">[295] As a result of the watershed's integrity and undisturbed natural water filtration system, New York is one of only four major cities in the United States with drinking water pure enough not to require purification by water treatment plants.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-295" style="line-height:1em;">[296]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York is the only US city in which a majority (52%) of households do not have a car; only 22% of Manhattanites own a car.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-296" style="line-height:1em;">[297]

Crime
Further information: Crime in New York City and Law enforcement in New York City<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Since 2005 the city has had the lowest crime rate among the 25 largest U.S. cities, having become significantly safer after a spike in crime in the 1980s<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-Prager_297-0" style="line-height:1em;">[298] and early 1990s from the crack epidemic that affected many neighborhoods. By 2002, New York City had about the same crime rate as Provo, Utah and was ranked 197th in crime among the 216 U.S. cities with populations greater than 100,000. Violent crime in New York City decreased more than 75% from 1993 to 2005 and continued decreasing during periods when the nation as a whole saw increases.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-298" style="line-height:1em;">[299] In 2005 the homicide rate was at its lowest level since 1966,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-299" style="line-height:1em;">[300] and in 2007 the city recorded fewer than 500 homicides for the first time ever since crime statistics were first published in 1963.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-300" style="line-height:1em;">[301] 95.1% of all murder victims and 95.9% of all shooting victims in New York City are black or Hispanic. And 90.2 percent of those arrested for murder and 96.7 percent of those arrested for shooting someone are black or Hispanic.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-301" style="line-height:1em;">[302]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on what explains the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the New York City Police Department,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-302" style="line-height:1em;">[303] including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-303" style="line-height:1em;">[304] Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-304" style="line-height:1em;">[305]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Organized crime has long been associated with New York City, beginning with the Forty Thieves and the Roach Guards in the Five Points in the 1820s. The 20th century saw a rise in the Mafia dominated by the Five Families and they are still the largest and most powerful criminal organization in the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-305" style="line-height:1em;">[306] Gangs including the Black Spades also grew in the late 20th century.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-306" style="line-height:1em;">[307] As early as 1850, New York City recorded more than 200 gang wars fought largely by youth gangs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-307" style="line-height:1em;">[308] The most prominent gangs in New York City today are the Bloods, Crips, Latin Kings, and MS-13.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-308" style="line-height:1em;">[309]

Education
Main article: Education in New York CityColumbia University's Low Memorial Library<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city's public school system, managed by the New York City Department of Education, is the largest in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-309" style="line-height:1em;">[310] About 1.1 million students are taught in more than 1,200 separate primary and secondary schools.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-310" style="line-height:1em;">[311] Charter schools, which are partly publicly funded, include Success Academy Charter Schools and Public Prep. There are approximately 900 additional privately run secular and religious schools in the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-311" style="line-height:1em;">[312] About 594,000 students were enrolled as of the 2000 Census in New York City higher education institutions, the highest number of any city in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-312" style="line-height:1em;">[313] In 2005, three out of five Manhattan residents were college graduates and one out of four had advanced degrees, forming one of the highest concentrations of highly educated people in any American city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-313" style="line-height:1em;">[314]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City is home to such notable private universities as Barnard College, Columbia University, Cooper Union, Fordham University, New York University, The New School, Pace University, and Yeshiva University. The public City University of New York system is one of the largest universities in the nation, and includes a number of undergraduate colleges and associate degree community colleges, with options in each borough. The city also has other smaller private colleges and universities, including many religious and special-purpose institutions, such as St. John's University, The Juilliard School, The College of Mount Saint Vincent, and The School of Visual Arts.

Fordham University's Keating Hall in The Bronx<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Much of the scientific research in the city is done in medicine and the life sciences. New York City has the most post-graduate life sciences degrees awarded annually in the United States, 40,000 licensed physicians, and 127 Nobel laureates with roots in local institutions.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_science_institutions_314-0" style="line-height:1em;">[315] The city receives the second-highest amount of annual funding from the National Institutes of Healthamong all U.S. cities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-315" style="line-height:1em;">[316] Major biomedical research institutions include Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Rockefeller University, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine and Weill Cornell Medical College. On December 19, 2011, Mayor Michael R. Bloomberg announced his choice of Cornell University andTechnion-Israel Institute of Technology to build a $2 billion graduate school of applied sciences on Roosevelt Island, with the goal of transforming New York City into the world's premier technology capital.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-316" style="line-height:1em;">[317] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-317" style="line-height:1em;">[318]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The New York Public Library, which has the largest collection of any public library system in the country, serves Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-libraryspot_318-0" style="line-height:1em;">[319] The New York Public Library has several research libraries, including the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture. Queens is served by the Queens Borough Public Library, which is the nation's second largest public library system. The Brooklyn Public Library serves Brooklyn.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-libraryspot_318-1" style="line-height:1em;">[319]

Transportation
Main article: Transportation in New York CityNew York City is home to the two busiestrail stations in the US, including Grand Central Terminal.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, is the most complex and extensive in North America. About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in New York and its suburbs.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MTAinfo_319-0" style="line-height:1em;">[320] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-320" style="line-height:1em;">[321] The iconic New York City Subway system is the busiest in the Western Hemisphere, while Grand Central Terminal, also popularly referred to as "Grand Central Station", is the world's largest railway station by number of platforms. New York's airspace is one of the world's busiest air transportation corridors. The George Washington Bridge, connecting Manhattan to Bergen County, New Jersey, is the world's busiest motor vehicle bridge.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-321" style="line-height:1em;">[322] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-recordonline.com_322-0" style="line-height:1em;">[323]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Public transit is popular in New York City. 54.6% of New Yorkers commuted to work in 2005 using mass transit.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-323" style="line-height:1em;">[324] This is in contrast to the rest of the United States, where about 90% of commuters drive automobiles to their workplace.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-2001summary_324-0" style="line-height:1em;">[325] According to the US Census Bureau, New York City residents spend an average of 38.4 minutes a day getting to work, the longest commute time in the nation among large cities.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-325" style="line-height:1em;">[326] However, due to the high usage of mass transit, New Yorkers spend less of their household income on transportation than the national average. New Yorkers save $19 billion annually on transportation compared to other urban Americans.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-326" style="line-height:1em;">[327]

The New York City Subway is the world's largest rapid transit system by length of routes and by number of stations.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City is served by Amtrak, which uses Pennsylvania Station. Amtrak provides connections to Boston, Philadelphia, and Washington, D.C. along theNortheast Corridor and long-distance train service to other North American cities. The Port Authority Bus Terminal, the mainintercity bus terminal of the city, serves 7,000 buses and 200,000 commuters daily, making it the busiest bus station in the world.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-327" style="line-height:1em;">[328]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The New York City Subway is the largest rapid transit system in the world when measured by stations in operation, with 468, and by length of routes. It is the third-largest when measured by annual ridership (1.5 billion passenger trips in 2006).<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MTAinfo_319-1" style="line-height:1em;">[320] New York's subway is also notable because nearly the entire system remains open 24 hours a day, in contrast to the overnight shutdown common to systems in most cities, including Hong Kong,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-328" style="line-height:1em;">[329] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-329" style="line-height:1em;">[330] London, Paris, and Tokyo.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The city's complex and extensive transportation system also includes the longest suspension bridge in North America (theVerrazano-Narrows),<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-330" style="line-height:1em;">[331] the world's first mechanically ventilated vehicular tunnel,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-nhlsum_331-0" style="line-height:1em;">[332] more than 12,000 yellow cabs,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-332" style="line-height:1em;">[333] anaerial tramway that transports commuters between Roosevelt Island and Manhattan, and a ferry system connecting Manhattan to various locales within and outside the city.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">The busiest ferry in the United States is the Staten Island Ferry, which annually carries over 19 million passengers on the 5.2-mile (8.4 km) run between Staten Island and Lower Manhattan. The Staten Island Railway rapid transit system solely serves Staten Island. The Port Authority Trans-Hudson ("PATH" train) links Midtown and Lower Manhattan to northeastern New Jersey, primarily Hoboken, Jersey City, and Newark. Like the New York City Subway, the PATH operates 24 hours a day; meaning two of the four rapid transit systems in the world which operate on 24-hour schedules are wholly or partly in New York (the others are a portion of the Chicago "L" and thePATCO Speedline serving Philadelphia).

The elevated AirTrain rapid transit system bypasses chronic congestion on theVan Wyck Expressway<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-333" style="line-height:1em;">[334] en route to JFK International Airport in Queens.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City's public bus fleet and commuter rail network are the largest in North America.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MTAinfo_319-2" style="line-height:1em;">[320] The rail network, connecting the suburbs in the tri-state region to the city, consists of the Long Island Rail Road, Metro-North Railroad and New Jersey Transit. The combined systems converge at Grand Central Terminal and Pennsylvania Station and contain more than 250 stations and 20 rail lines.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-MTAinfo_319-3" style="line-height:1em;">[320] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-334" style="line-height:1em;">[335]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City is the top international air passenger gateway to the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-IntlTravel_335-0" style="line-height:1em;">[336] The area is served by three major airports, John F. Kennedy International, Newark Liberty International, and LaGuardia; 100 million travelers used the three airports in 2005, and the city's airspace is the busiest in the nation.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-336" style="line-height:1em;">[337] Outbound international travel from JFK and Newark accounted for about a quarter of all U.S. travelers who went overseas in 2004.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-337" style="line-height:1em;">[338] Plans have advanced to expand passenger volume at a fourth airport, Stewart International Airport near Newburgh, New York, by the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-338" style="line-height:1em;">[339]

The Verrazano-Narrows Bridge, one of the world's longest suspension bridges,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-339" style="line-height:1em;">[340] connects Brooklyn and Staten Island acrossThe Narrows.<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York's high rate of public transit use, 120,000 daily cyclists,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-340" style="line-height:1em;">[341] and manypedestrian commuters make it the most energy-efficient major city in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-NYC_energy_consumption_285-1" style="line-height:1em;">[286] Walk and bicycle modes of travel account for 21% of all modes for trips in the city; nationally the rate for metro regions is about 8%.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-341" style="line-height:1em;">[342] In 2011, Walk Score named it the most walkable city in the United States.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-342" style="line-height:1em;">[343] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-343" style="line-height:1em;">[344]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">To complement New York's vast mass transit network, the city also has an extensive web of expressways and parkways, that link New York City to Northern New Jersey, Westchester County, Long Island, and southwest Connecticut through variousbridges and tunnels. Because these highways serve millions of suburban residents who commute into New York City, it is quite common for motorists to be stranded for hours in traffic jams that are a daily occurrence, particularly during rush hour.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-recordonline.com_322-1" style="line-height:1em;">[323]

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">In 2018, Work began on two underground highways underneath Manhattan, The Mid-Manhattan Expressway underneath buildings in between 36th and 37th streets and the Lower Manhattan Expressway underneath Canal Street. In addition, the Manhattan Turnpike is an elevated highway above Park Avenue and the Manhattan Skyway which was built to accomadate traffic going from NJ to Brooklyn without having to stop in Manhattan. the highway has no exits in Manhattan. The Highway is famous for being as high as the 30th floor of the Empire State Building although plans to lower it are in place.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Two Big-dig style projects drove the Brooklyn-Queens/Gowanus Expressways as well as the Cross Bronx Expressway underground while the Neighborhood that was torn down during the Construction of the Cross Bronx was restored.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Despite New York's reliance on public transit, roads are a defining feature of the city. Manhattan's street grid plan greatly influenced the city's physical development. Several of the city's streets and avenues, like Broadway,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-344" style="line-height:1em;">[345] Wall Street,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-345" style="line-height:1em;">[346] Madison Avenue,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-346" style="line-height:1em;">[347] <sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-347" style="line-height:1em;">[348] and Seventh Avenue are also used as metonyms for national industries located there: the theater, finance, advertising, and fashion organizations, respectively.

Military
<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City is home to Fort Hamilton, the U.S. Military's only active duty installation within the city.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-348" style="line-height:1em;">[349] Established in 1825 in Brooklyn on the site of a small battery utilized during the American Revolution, it is one of America's longest serving military forts.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-349" style="line-height:1em;">[350] Today Fort Hamilton serves as the headquarters of the North Atlantic Division, United States Army Corps of Engineers, as well as the New York City Recruiting Battalion. It also houses the 1179th Transportation Brigade, the 722nd Aeromedical Staging Squadron, and a Military Entrance Processing Station.

<p style="margin-top:0.4em;margin-bottom:0.5em;line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Other formerly active military reservations still utilized for military training or reserve and National Guard operations in the city include Fort Wadsworth in Staten Island and Fort Totten in Queens.

Sister cities
<p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">New York City has ten historic sister cities. The Sister City Program of the City of New York was restructured and renamed New York City Global Partners, Inc. in 2006 with the aim of expanding the City's interaction with foreign cities while maintaining its historic ten sister city relationships:<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-350" style="line-height:1em;">[351] <p style="line-height:19.200000762939453px;color:rgb(0,0,0);font-family:sans-serif;">Like New York, all except Beijing are the most populous cities of their respective nations,<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-351" style="line-height:1em;">[352] Unlike New York, all but Johannesburg also serve as de facto or de jurenational political capitals. New York and her sister cities are all major economic centers, but few of the sister cities share New York's status as a major seaport.<sup class="reference" id="cite_ref-352" style="line-height:1em;">[353]