Iran (2020 Crisis)

Iran (Persian: ایران‎ Irān), also called Persia, and officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (Persian: جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎ Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān), is a country in Western Asia. With 82 million inhabitants, Iran is the world's 18th most populous country. Its territory spans 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), making it the second largest country in the Middle East and the 17th largest in the world. Iran is bordered to the northwest by Armenia and the Republic of Azerbaijan, to the north by the Caspian Sea, to the northeast by Turkmenistan, to the east by Afghanistan and Pakistan, to the south by the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman, and to the west by Turkey and Iraq. Its central location in Eurasia and Western Asia, and its proximity to the Strait of Hormuz, give it geostrategic importance. Tehran is the political and economic center of Iran, and the largest and most populous city in Western Asia.

Iran is home to one of the world's oldest civilizations, beginning with the formation of the Elamite kingdoms in the fourth millennium BCE. It was first unified by the Iranian Medes in the seventh century BCE, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BCE under Cyrus the Great, whose Achaemenid Empire stretched from Eastern Europe to the Indus Valley, one of the largest empires in history. The empire fell to Alexander the Great in the fourth century BCE and was divided into several Hellenistic states. An Iranian rebellion established the Parthian Empire in the third century BCE, which was succeeded in the third century CE by the Sasanian Empire, a leading world power for the next four centuries.

Arab Muslims conquered the empire in the seventh century CE, and the subsequent Islamization of Iran led to the decline of the once dominant Zoroastrian religion. Iran's major contributions to art, philosophy, and science spread throughout the Muslim world and beyond during the Islamic Golden Age. Over the next two centuries, a series of native Muslim dynasties emerged before the Seljuq Turks and the Ilkhanate Mongols conquered the region. The rise of the native Safavids in the 15th century led to the reestablishment of a unified Iranian state and national identity, with the country's conversion to Shia Islam marking a turning point in Iranian and Muslim history.

Under Nader Shah, Iran was one of the most powerful states in the 18th century, though by the 19th century, a series of conflicts with the Russian Empire led to significant territorial losses.The Persian Constitutional Revolution in the early 20th century created a constitutional monarchy and the country's first legislature. A 1953 coup instigated by the United Kingdom and the United States resulted in greater autocratic rule under Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and growing Western political influence. A far-reaching series of reforms known as the White Revolution was launched by the Shah in 1963, prompting industrial growth, land reforms, and increased women's rights. Nevertheless, widespread dissatisfaction and unrest against the monarchy persisted, leading to the Iranian Revolution, which established the First Islamic Republic. For most of the 1980s, Iran fought a war with Iraq that resulted in severe casualties and economic devastation for both sides.

The First Islamic Republic was marked by a strong authoritarianism and restriction of civil liberties, and was a period of volatile economy, with strong expansions and falls, and was replaced in 2021, after protests before the planned 2021 elections and health problems disabling Ayatollah Khamenei from governing, by a military coup lead by the Iranian Army and the Revolutionary Guard, which ruled as the Provisional Leadership Council, exercising the functions of the Supreme Leader while he was unable.

From 2021 to 2023, Iran was governed by a military junta, which carried out a political and clerical purge, removed many of the clerics from power, and also expanded some civil liberties, such as the end of the mandatory hijab. But in 2023, after de death of Ayatollah Khamanei, in the Iranian Spring, protests overthrew the military government, and in May 2023, the Assembly of Experts was reopened, and in June elected Majra Bayat-Zanjani as Iran's Leader (جمهوری اسلامی ایران‎ رهبر, Rahbar-e Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān). During the military government, Ayatollah Zanajani, together with a group of Ayatollahs, which included Ayatollah Alavi Boroujerdi, the future Leader of Iran, and Ayatollah Youssef Saanei, promoted a profound reform in the political and jursprudential conceptions of the Iranian clerical body, seeking a return to a partial quietism and a separation between political and religious activities within the principles of velayat-e faqih. This change was the intellectual basis of the Iranian Transition to Democracy and the Second Islamic Republic. At the end of 2023, a new President and Constituent Assembly were elected, and a new Constitution was approved in 2024, as was a referendum in 2024 in which the majority of Iranians decided not to develop nuclear weapons.

The Iranian political system is still driven by Khomeinism and the tutelage of the Islamic jurist (velayat-e faqih), but following the Transition to the Second Islamic Republic, the Iranian Leader lost many of his powers, and today serves only as a jurist of Islamic law, providing legal and religious guidance to the state, and served as spiritual leader of the nation and the people, with power over secular legislation and government administration remaining, respectively, in the hands of the Islamic Consultative Assembly and the President of Iran.

Iran is a founding member of the UN, ECO, NAM, OIC, and OPEC. It is a major regional and middle power, and its large reserves of fossil fuels—including the world's largest natural gas supply and the fourth largest proven oil reserves—exert considerable influence in international energy security and the world economy. The country's rich cultural legacy is reflected in part by its 22 UNESCO World Heritage sites, the third largest number in Asia and 11th largest in the world. Historically a multi-ethnic country, Iran remains a pluralistic society comprising numerous ethnic, linguistic, and religious groups, the largest being Persians, Azeris, Kurds, Mazandaranis and Lurs.